By Somya Singh
“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race….It would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete and would be superseded”.[1]
STEPHEN HAWKING
In this era of innovations and modernization, the world is tilting towards modern technologies at a very fast pace and so are the discoveries of Artificial Intelligence and machine learning. But the crux of the matter is that these revolutions and changes in technology day by day posing a very serious threats to the life of the individual in one way or the other, proving correct what the Stephen Hawking had predicted about it. The potential Negative impact of AI is more than the benefits it provides. It is very disappointing to know that people were not exercising what they have as Rational Choice theory; they are failing to weight potential damage above the risk ad damages involved. There are certain examples of AI like ChatGPT, online messaging, robotic assistance, etc.
For instance, shift in the level of employment which directly impacts the economic growth, more and more expenditure on the establishment and maintenance of the modern technologies leading to the drain of wealth of the nation and most importantly the gap between have and have not is also increasing, these are just a few to name but there are plethora’s of problems and threats which are associated with the Artificial Intelligence, mostly which are unknown and unfamiliar and alien to us and which we are going to discuss in the upcoming topics.
CURRENT SCENARIO
‘EXTREMELY SCARY, NEED TO ADDRESS THIS WITH URGENCY,' SAYS RASHMIKA MANDANNA[2]
This is the headline of the many notable newspaper which was said by Pushpa actress Rashmika Mandanna after her deepfake video was created which is vulgar by using AI which has gone viral over the internet[3] with millions of views on it, pointing one of the repercussion of using AI in order to defame someone or blackmail someone by malign someone’s photo.
The list of creating deepfake doesn’t end here, Aishwarya Rai, Katrina Kaif, Alia Bhatt and Kajol were also the part of the same and day by day many people irrespective of any profession or background they were pursuing or belonging from, were becoming the prey of such heinous nuisances which is promoted by none other than AI.
Another repercussion of using AI is morphing the photos of girls and blackmails them to extort money or for other sexual favors and advances, which is again a very heinous and shameful crime but the fact which is more disappointing and dishearten is that the laws are not so much capable that it will prevent such type of crimes or to regulate the use of AI by certain guidelines and introducing strict rules and regulations and hence ended up with the increase use of AI without any check or watch which in turn increases such threats .
REASON/ THEORY BEHIND SUCH THREAT
There are certain theories and reasons which were put forward by the researchers and the experts. These are as follows:[4]
I. Rational Choice Theory: the person believes in profitable and low risk activities. They used to weighed the potential benefit over the risk of getting punished as they are aware that there are not such strict enforcement of rules and regulations their risk of getting caught was very much low and that’s why they have the audacity to commit such crimes using AI.
II. Strain Theory: As society did not provide the legitimate ways to each and everyone to fulfill one’s needs and resources due to which many of them faces economic hardships and social exclusions such people tend to inclined towards these types of illegitimate or the alternative ways to face their economic hardships and to fulfill their basic needs and requirements.
III. Routine Activity Theory: There are 3 motivating factors:
Motivated offender: The offender is the one who commits the crime; here he/she has the motive to use the AI for the negative advancements.
Suitable target: The target which they use are the vulnerable class or the weaker section so that they can take the advantages of their helplessness
Absence of capable guardian: As everyone is aware that there are no strict rules and regulations to manage the functioning and working of the AI, they have the assurance of maximum profit and minimum risk.
Social Learning Theory: As people were living in a society, so they were affected by the society more. They observe the behavior of others and try to portrait the same so that they can get the fame and name and this could only be possible by using the modern technologies which were easily provided by AI.
There are various other reasons which were put forward by the experts like shortcut to earn the money, attract to easy way of earning, unemployment, lack of awareness, non enforcement of strict rules and regulations etc. because of which the negative usages of AI is increasing day by day.
CHALLENGES POSED BY AI
To begin with, these development and technological changes destroyed our traditional job. Before the advent of these modern technologies, India was well known for its Handicraft Industries which was replaced by the machine printing, paved the way for the demolition of the Handicraft Industries which was existed from the time immemorial.[5]
As a matter of fact, these innovations did not only destroyed the traditional jobs but also created the modern jobs and technology from which the labors feel alienated and not able to easily adept with the modern technologies as they were used to the old and primitive technologies which were going on for a long period of time and the sudden changes in it disturbs their way of working which left no option with them but to leave their jobs or to switch their jobs. Most importantly, AI in the workplace is expected to result in the elimination of large number of jobs.
It resulted in the rise of the unemployment in the economy that became the obstacle or hinders the economic growth. The economic growth of any country is depends upon its employment level. If unemployment increases, the other economic indicators such as saving, income, demand, supply etc. will also decreases, leads to decrease in the economic growth of the country and vice a versa.
In addition to it, the argument which is of paramount importance is that these AI have a safety risks and one can’t totally rely upon it as they are poorly designed and could be misused and hacked. Not only had this it could also lead to the loose of human control and interference over the dangerous weapons which will be proved disastrous for the entire humanity. There is a probability that the personal information of an individual can be leaked and misused. The safety concerns are not just limited to data privacy but also poses a very important question to which no one is answerable that is who will be held liable for the damages caused or who will be held responsible for the consequences faced by the individual.
Furthermore, the advancements in AI also lead to the increase in various crimes. For instances, cyber crimes; Stalking through online means and on online platform, Phishing, identity theft these all become easy, convenient and less risky for the criminals to commit their crimes. They got the platform in the form of these modern technologies. Online Fraud has become widespread because of the AI-driven technologies.
Most importantly, it cannot understand emotions, so sometimes it takes the unfair and biased decisions which widen the socio-economic inequality in the society. It only functions and operate according to the instructions feed under them so it can be easily influence or manipulate and will work according to the prudence or thinking of the person creating it and not use its own prudence or knowledge which is also poses a problem as the one who is the creator doesn’t have the same opinion or morals or prudence like others have and can cause the chaos in the society.
One can understand it through a real life example. In 2014, Amazon started an AI project with the sole motive to review the employee’s resume an rating them according to their skills and expertise automatically with the help of the AI and that recruiters don’t spend much time manually on this task but by 2015, Amazon realized that the new AI was not rating employees fairly and it was biased against the women.
Inspired by this many renowned personalities has shared their thoughts regarding the negatives of AI. For instance, once Bill Gates had said-“Humans should be worried about the threat posed by Artificial Intelligence”. Similarly, Dave waters had said-“The potential Benefits of AI are huge, so are the dangers”. By looking at the effects of AI on the world it seems that whatever these personalities had said will going to be correct and will have the negative effect on the humanity one day.
Lastly, if we look upon the steps taken to regulate it only 4 committees were instituted by the ministry of electronics and IT to emphasis and analysis multiple ethical issues of AI but the pace of AI adoption is faster than the rules formed to regulate it. There is no proper and effective regulation and rules for the enforcement of these AI that’s why it poses the serious threat on the individual. Secondly, the position of India regarding the data privacy and protection is not much better and it is difficult to control the increasing effects of AI especially in India. There is neither proper implementation of rules and regulations nor the effective committees to administer or to monitor it.
FIGURES AND STATISTICS
These all statements and opinions which were stated above are not baseless. it can be justified through different figures, statistics, inquiries and researches. Research Giant PWC has predicted that AI will replace up to 40% of jobs by 2030 with the fiscal sector being the most vulnerable to automation and robotization.
According to 2019, Brookings institution study 36 million people work in jobs with high exposure to automation meaning 70% of their task will be done using AI which results in either reduction in the jobs or loss of the jobs for the humans.
It was anticipated that AI could take the jobs of as numerous as 1 billion people globally and make 375 million jobs obsolete. Study from MC Kinsey Global institution suggested that by 2030, erudite robots could replace as much as 30% of the mortal labor. It was also estimated that by 2030, many humans will lost their livelihood because of tremendous increase in the machines and technologies.[6]
It is apparent through a Research Paper titled Malicious use of AI by 26 researchers in February 2018, in which they wrote that it could threaten the digital security i.e., criminals can train machines to hack, Physical security i.e., weaponizing the drones by the non-state actors, Political security i.e., eliminating surveillance.
CHALLENGES OF AI IN LAW
Lawyers are hesitant to adopt AI as it has a negative impact on employment. It is widely accepted fear that AI will supersede lawyer and their primary source of income that will cause rise in the unemployment. There are many old and senior legal practitioner who are used to the traditional way and don’t want to switch to AI.
In addition to it, if we talk about the legal personality of AI, it is not defined and is vague and ambiguous. Machine- driven technology are complicated in nature. It is also very difficult to determine whether ordinary laws and norms would apply in the same way or not. The rights, obligations, liability, actions or omissions of AI-driven devices are not clarified and can cause misunderstanding.
AI machines and technology are very much sophisticated in nature. And as they are capable of learning and responding the queries and problems then it became quite expensive. A huge amount and financial commitment is required not only for instituting but for maintaining and administering the AI. Secondly, these advanced and modern machines are manufactured by foreign corporations so only large law firms can afford them.
It was assumed that AI-driven machine learning robots will keep the personal information is kept safe and secure, the data will not be misused, confidentiality will be maintained. In 2018, the NITI Ayog released a policy paper titled “National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence,” which considered the importance of AI in the different sectors and how it can be used in various departments and industries in India. In the 2019 Budget, it also proposed the launch and implantation of a national level AI program. Despite all of these advancements on the technological front, India still lacks effective legislation that regulates and controls the AI industry and its repercussions and yet to cope up with the irregularities and ineffectiveness related to the blind use of AI.[7]
Lastly, in order to ensure the proper functioning and working of the machines and technology a well prepared and proper command and algorithms were required to feed. In India, the technology and machine are obsolete and the data is also incomplete because of which the machines is not able to perform accuracy and it is not considered liable.
CONCLUSION
So, all in all, in my opinion AI is a serious threat as it poses more challenges and difficulties as compare of creating the opportunities because it leads to the increase in unemployment level which not only cause decline in economic growth of the country but also leads to the decline in population growth as due to no jobs condition people were starved to death and in some cases people even commits suicide as they were left with no option. If the increasing use of AI and its negative effect will not controlled timely and effectively, it will prove very disastrous not only for the country but for the entire humanity. It can be concluded that AI and machines cannot replace people and humans. AI lacks unique and novel thinking, emotions and prudence not very creative in the same way that humans are. Robots lack emotional intelligence and sympathy, as well as the capability to improvise and improve according to the dynamic surrounding. Incorporating AI into one’s life and daily routine and action has numerous problems, including the fact that it is still prone to a variety of hazards, danger and risk of getting trapped, necessitating the creation of a comprehensive legal framework to control Artificial Intelligence and prevent it from exploiting and exposing the private data of the users and to safeguard the privacy of everyone irrespective of anything.
The author of this article is Somya Singh, a third-year BALLB student at Jaipur National University.
[2] https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/fake-viral-video-of-actress-rashmika-mandanna-goes-viral-it-minister-amitabh-bachchan-react/articleshow/105004404.cms
[3] https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rashmika-mandannas-deepfake-video-goes-virrasal-receives-sharp-criticism-from-amitabh-bachchan-it-minister-ai-11699271456529.html
[6] https://influencermarketinghub.com/ai-marketing-benchmark-report/#:~:text=Zippia%20predicts%20that%20more%20than,one%2Dquarter%20of%20the%20workforce.
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